Underwater ducted turbine

ABSTRACT

An apparatus is disclosed for a turbine for generating electrical power from water or air flow comprising at least one rotor disk having a plurality of hydrofoil blades, guide vanes, a cylindrical housing, and a generator means. A rim generator comprising a magnet race rotor rim and fixed stator coils in the housing is used. The apparatus is fitted with a screen to stop the ingress of debris and marine life, and a skirt augmenter device to reduce the Betz effect. The apparatus is preferably for sub-sea deployment and driven by tidal currents, but may be powered by river current or wave driven air or by wind. The apparatus may be deployed on at least one telescoping pole, tethered to the sea-bed and kept buoyant by buoyant concrete in the housing, or inserted in a darn, under a barge or in a tidal power array.

1. RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application (Attorneys' Ref. No. P216209) is a continuation of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/328,548, filed Dec. 4, 2008.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/328,548 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/489,642, filed Aug. 24, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,471,009 which issued on Dec. 30, 2008.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/489,642 is a 37 USC § 371 National Stage Application of expired International PCT Application No. PCT/CA02/01413, filed Sep. 16, 2002.

International PCT Application No. PCT/CA02/01413 claims priority of expired U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/322,443, filed Sep. 17, 2001.

The contents of all related applications listed above are incorporated herein by reference.

2. TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to hydrokinetic electrical power generating turbines and methods of use and deployment. More specifically, a ducted rim type generator, bi-directional turbine for generating power from tidal currents in various deployments is disclosed.

3. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tidal power has been harnessed for many centuries. Tidal grain mills have been located on coastal inlets where seawater could be trapped by sluice gates in low dams at high tide, to be released through a mill wheel at low tide. Such mill wheels are examples of rudimentary hydraulic turbines.

Energy shortages have spurred research activity, including the construction of significant pilot projects in the area of tidal power generation using more modern turbine designs, in Normandy, France and Nova Scotia, Canada. The Normandy and Nova Scotia projects required significant infrastructure and damming of tidal estuaries. The effect of all such projects on the ocean inlet and estuaries is to interfere with tidal dynamics and disrupt marine biological ecosystems in the inter-tidal zones behind the dam.

While the pilot projects in Normandy and Nova Scotia are still in operation, they have not proven to be economical, and with the global rise in environmental consciousness, this approach has fallen into disfavor. More recent work has been focused on ‘free-stream’ machines that are less costly and far less disruptive to tidal dynamics and the affected marine ecosystems. ‘Arrays’ of such units would consist of single or multiple rows of free-stream machines deployed transversely and/or linearly in an ocean inlet or passage in the manner of a wind-farm. Indeed the term ‘turbine-farm’ has been used to describe such deployment.

In the 1920s, U.S. Pat. No. 1,493,154 to Harza disclosed a substantially horizontal axis water turbine for use in the draft tube of a low head dam, wherein the stator coils surrounded the runner or rim housing the turbine blades. Harza proposed water seals between the runner and stator. It is very difficult to maintain the integrity of water seal in a hydraulic turbine, as underwater turbines are subject to high levels of vibration, erosion and torsion due to the density and velocity of the water.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,787 to Mouton disclosed a uni-directional hydraulic turbine with angled blades also including a longitudinal twist. The Mouton patent teaches a deployment method of mounting the turbines under a barge in a river, with a generator on top of the barge. The Mouton patent also discloses a trash screen in front of the turbine consisting of a conical array of cables. The Mouton patent, as with most conventional hydraulic turbines, uses a hub based generator system with impact type blades which are angled with respect to the direction of the water flow. The trash screen of the Mouton patent protected only one end of the turbine and was not self-cleaning, requiring constant regular maintenance.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,163,904 to Skendrovic disclosed an understream turbine plant requiring substantial infrastructure and sealing about the single unidirectional turbine with hub generator.

Investigation into harnessing wave motion resulted in U.S. Pat. No. 4,221,538 to Wells, disclosing a uni-directional aero-foil turbine powered by the air forced through the turbine by the oscillating water column created by wave action enclosed in a floating chamber. The Wells patent disclosed a single rotor with a hub-based generator.

In the 1980's Heuss and Miller disclosed a tidal power plant in U.S. Pat. No. 4,421,990 with a fixed concrete barrage of uni-directional impact turbines with angled blades and a rim-based generator. The Heuss patent required substantial infrastructure, including a dam, draft tube and generator housing. The stator was housed in the dam or foundation at the outer rim of the runner wheel housing the turbine blades and required watertight seals.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,313,711 to Lee disclosed fixed stator blades or vanes that deflected the flow of air or water onto multiple Wells type aerofoil cross-section blades to cause efficient rotation. The Lee patent uses wave motion or wave driven air to generate power. The guide vanes are fixed and the rotors rotate at the same speed and in the same direction.

In the 1990's, Curran, and Gato ran trials on a series of different Wells type air turbines and published their results in the article: “The energy conversion performance of several types of Wells turbine designs”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs. Vol 211 Part A (1997). The trials included single rotor devices with and without guide vanes, and dual rotor devices with the rotors rotating in the same direction and counter-rotating. Although Curran and Gato did not investigate the effect of dual counter rotating rotors with guide vanes, they concluded that two rotors are more efficient than one, that counter-rotating rotors provided a higher damping ratio and improved post-stall performance than uni-directional pairs, and that inlet and outlet guide vanes provided reduced tangential kinetic energy losses compared to those units without vanes.

The following papers are also of interest regarding a vertical axis turbine and a feasibility study on sub-sea power generation from tidal currents:

-   -   Davis, Barry V. (1997) Nova Energy Ltd. “A Major Source of         Energy From the Worlds Oceans” IECEC-97 Conference, Jul. 31,         1997, Honolulu.     -   Davis, Barry V. (1980). Nova Energy Ltd. “Hydraulic Turbine         Trials” Report No. NEL 002. DSS Contract No. OSX-00043.

Vauthier, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,168,373B1, 6,406,251, and 2002/0088222A1 disclosed a floating, uni-directional and bi-directional lightweight dual ducted turbine hub-generator unit suitable for either tidal or river deployment. The dual, side by side rotationally uni-directional, turbine swings freely with the water current. The turbine therefore must swing to the direction of the current as it accepts only uni-directinal water flow. The bi-directional unit is moored at both ends and thereby kept in the line of current regardless of the direction of water flow. Additional features include stabilizer fins on the housing, and an augmentor ring at the downstream end of the housing to deflect external water flow thereby creating a venturi effect at the outfall of the housing and presumably accelerating the flow of water through the turbine. The turbine blades are of the angled, conventional type and guide vanes are not used.

Mouton et al, in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,303 (D1) disclosed a unidirectional hydrokinetic electrical power generating turbine with a nozzle. Fischer, in Germany patent 1028 948 (D2) disclosed a forced-flow hydro turbine in a tube with two rotors where the upstream rotor is employed as a set of guide vanes, and a sealed generator in the tube. In the fall of 2001 Vortec Energy Limited of New Zealand published an “Information Memorandum” disclosing a wind turbine using a diffuser ring to create a low-pressure region downstream of the turbine rotor. The preferred embodiment of the Vortec unit is a huge 50 m diameter and greater wind turbine deployed either on or offshore. Barge, pole and block mounted sub-sea units were contemplated, but not developed. The Vortec Memorandum also suggests the possibility of rim generation to eliminate the need for large center body structures and hub mechanisms. In PCT Publication WO 01/06122 A1 to Fox et. al, owned by Vortec, advantages of a slotted, aerofoil cross section blade in a turbine are disclosed.

The current technology for hydro turbines is unsatisfactory due to the large number of moving parts and complexity of manufacturing, installing and maintaining turbines in the corrosive salt water environment.

There is a need therefore for an efficient hydraulic turbine generator unit, which can harness tidal energy with a minimal environmental impact. A turbine with a minimum number of moving parts which optimizes energy conservation by minimizing friction and flow losses, and can be manufactured, installed and maintained without substantial infrastructure costs is required, and a simple generator free of moving parts such that maintenance requirements are minimized. The present invention provides a ducted, flooded rim generator, bi-directional turbine having two or more coaxial counter rotating rotors with augmenter skirt that overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art.

4. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to implement an apparatus for a hydro turbine generator that overcomes some of the disadvantages of the prior art.

Other objects include providing an apparatus with a hub parallel to the water flow, a plurality of blades, a cylindrical housing and a plurality of guide vanes which are curved and rectangular and redirect the water flow to strike the blades at an optimal angle. The blades may be symmetrical hydrofoils in cross section.

The vanes may be fixed or they may flip between a first and second position, the first position being appropriate for redirecting an inflow and the second position appropriate for redirecting an outflow to minimize downstream efficiency losses.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a bi-directional turbine with dual counter-rotating rotor disks to create a stable, efficient turbine generator unit minimizing swirl losses.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a screen to prevent the ingress of marine life and debris into the turbine unit.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a longitudinal hole in the hub that water can flow through.

A further object of the present invention is to provide an augmentor skirt which minimizes the Betz effect, and is adapted to rotate the guide vanes when the water flow changes direction due to the tide change.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a rim generating hydro turbine where the generator is flooded with ambient fluid.

Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a turbine generator with a modular removable unit including the rotor disk to facilitate ease of maintenance.

Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a hydro turbine generator which may be deployed individually or in any number of units, and be deployed on pylons, under a raft, tethered to the marine floor and floating due to an integral buoyant structure, in a dam, by a river, or in a tidal array crossing a submarine dip, depression or valley.

Further advantages of the invention will become apparent when considering the drawings in conjunction with the detailed description.

5. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The apparatus and method of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing figures, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cut away perspective view of a dual inline set of counter-rotating rotor disks with a housing and guide vanes according to the invention.

FIG. 2 is an isometric view of one half of a turbine comprising a single rotor disk and generator, duct and guide vanes according to the invention.

FIG. 3 is an elevation view of a turbine rotor, blade and rim assembly with blades swept in a curve to the tip.

FIG. 4 is an elevation view of a turbine rotor, blade and rim assembly with wide tipped blades according to the invention.

FIG. 5 is an elevation view of a turbine rotor, blade and rim assembly with perpendicular offset blades according to the invention.

FIG. 6 is an elevation view of a turbine rotor, blade and rim assembly with perpendicular blades according to the invention.

FIG. 7 is an elevation view of a turbine rotor, blade and rim assembly with perpendicular offset blades and a sealife tunnel according to the invention.

FIG. 8 is a cross sectional side view of a turbine blade configuration according to the invention.

FIG. 9 is an isometric view of a hydraulic turbine generator unit according to the invention.

FIG. 10 is an isometric view of a turbine generator flexible augmenter skirt on the duct according to the invention.

FIG. 11 is an isometric view of a turbine generator articulated augmenter skirt on the duct according to the invention.

FIG. 12 is a vector diagram of fluid flow across a symmetrical foil according to the prior art.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram across two counter-rotating blade sections as components of a dual inline turbine according to the prior art.

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram across four counter-rotating blade sections as components of a cascading pair of dual inline turbine according to the invention.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram across a rotor blade section and through alternating position inlet and outlet guide vanes as a component of a turbine according to the invention.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram across two hydraulic counter-rotating blade sections and through inlet and outlet guide vanes as components of a dual inline turbine according to the invention.

FIG. 17 is an isometric view of a turbine generator unit mounted on a telescoping pylon according to the invention.

FIG. 18 is a side elevation view of a turbine generator unit mounted on telescoping pylons according to the invention.

FIG. 19 is a side view of a tethered turbine generator unit according to the invention.

FIG. 20 is a sectional view of FIG. 19 along I-I of a single turbine generator according to the invention.

FIG. 21 is a sectional view of FIG. 19 along II-II of a single rotor disk turbine generator according to the invention.

FIG. 22 is a sectional view of FIG. 19 along I-I of a dual rotor disk turbine generator.

FIG. 23 is a sectional view of FIG. 19 along II-II of a dual rotor disk turbine generator according to the invention.

FIG. 24 is a side elevation view of a turbine generator unit mounted under a barge according to the invention.

FIG. 25 is a plan view of a turbine generator unit mounted in a small dam according to the invention.

FIG. 26 is an elevation view of a tidal fence according to the invention.

FIG. 27 is an elevation view of a tidal fence according to the invention.

FIG. 28 is an elevation view of a single turbine generator unit in a tidal fence according to the invention.

FIG. 29 is a section view of FIG. 27 of 3 stacked turbine generator units in a caisson or a tidal fence.

FIG. 30 is a section view of the maintenance capability for removing turbine generator units in cassette form utilizing a gantry that is positioned on the top of the caisson on rails.

6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a cut-away view of the preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The modular ducted turbine generator unit 10 may be used as a single turbine generator unit 10 or with a plurality of turbine generator units 10, typically deployed in sub-sea tidal areas, although the design may be used in other environments such as rivers, tail-races or wind energy units. The purpose of the turbine generator unit 10 is to efficiently generate electrical power using tidal forces with minimal environmental impact. The preferred embodiment is intended for sub-sea deployment. It will be apparent that the present invention provides an efficient power generator unit with minimal moving parts.

The turbine generator unit 10 has two ends about a center line which are symmetrical. A hub 20 with an axis substantially parallel to the direction of water flow 100 is disposed along the central axis of the turbine generator 10. The hub 20 has a hub nose 21 at each end which may be advantageously formed in any hydrodynamic shape. The hub nose 21 may be ogive shaped or have ogive shaped caps in order to minimize drag into and out of the duct 40.

A plurality of hydrofoil blades 30 with symmetric cross sections are attached at their root to a central hub 26 and at their periphery or tip to a permanent magnet race also called a rotor rim 54 and together comprise a rotor disk 50. In the preferred embodiment there is a first rotor disk 50 and a second rotor disk 52 mounted coaxially in a front and back configuration. The rotor disks 50 and 52 will only rotate in one direction due to the hydrofoil shape of the blade 30. Thrust bearings 29 rotate freely between and abut against the central hub 26 for each rotor disk 50 and 52 and the hub nose 21. Bearings are preferably water lubricated low friction thrust bearings 29. A central hub or bearing-spacer 28 seats rotatably and coaxially between the central hub 26 of the two rotor disks 50 and 52 and separates the rotor disks 50 and 52 from any contact with each other. The rotor disks 50 and 52 rotate freely about the spacer 28.

The upstream rotor disk 50 when viewed form the direction of the water flow 100 will always rotate one direction (either clockwise or counter-clockwise), and the downstream rotor 52 will always rotate in the opposite direction. When the tide and therefore water flow 100 direction reverses, the second rotor 52 will now be upstream, and will continue to rotate in the same direction as before due to the hydrofoil shape. Thus the turbine generator unit 10 is bi-directional with regard to the water flow 100, and each rotor disk 50 and 52 always rotates in the same direction. When the turbine generator unit 10 has a single rotor disk 50, it also rotates in a single direction.

The blades 30 are symmetrical airfoils or hydrofoils projecting radially at substantially 90 degrees from the hub 26. The blades 30 have a top and bottom surface and a leading edge and trailing edge. The top and bottom surface of the blades 30 is generally perpendicular to the water flow 100. The blades 30 may be disposed at an oblique angle, such as for a swept-back blade configuration. The number of blades 30 is dependent on the size of the turbine. Any airfoil and/or hydrofoil shape known to the art which creates a variation of the speed of the fluid flowing across the respective sides of the blades 30 thereby creating optimal lift and drag may be used.

The duct 40 is a hollow cylinder disposed about the axis of the rotor 50 to form a duct and house the rotor 50. The duct 40 may be a cylinder of constant internal diameter, or the interior walls may converge in order to increase the velocity of water flowing through the duct 40. In the preferred embodiment the interior walls of the duct 40 converge in the central portion thereby producing a venturi effect as the water flow 100 passes through the duct 40. The rotor rim 54 allows for a plurality of hermetically sealed permanent magnets 56 attached to the outer rim of the rotor disks 50 and 52. The rotor disk rim permanent magnet race sits in a recess in the outer duct 40, which houses the hermetically sealed stator coils 60. The second rotor 52 rotates in a direction opposite to the first rotor 50, in order to decrease fluid momentum losses due to swirl and therefore render the turbine generator unit 10 more efficient. Fixed stator coils 60 are mounted in the duct 40 adjacent to the outer edge of the rotor disks 50 housing the magnets 56.

Optionally, to operate concentrically and resist lateral loads, a magnetic bearing system may be used at the rotor rim 54, which is known in the art. The rotor rim 54 seats rotably in a magnet race or rotor rim cavity 55 in the duct 40, water lubricated low friction skid plates (not shown) may be mounted on the exterior sides of the rotor rim 54 to protect the stator coils 60 against excessive deflection by the rotor disk 50 and 52

A plurality of curved, generally rectangular guide vanes 24, acting also as hub supports, extend from the hub 20 to the rotor housing or duct 40 to form a stable shaft on which the rotor disks 50 and 52 rotate. The guide vanes 24 have a generally sharp leading edge, a sharp trailing edge and two sides. The guide vanes 24 provide an initial angle of attack to the upstream rotor disk 50, and exit guide vanes 24 aft of the downstream rotor disk 52, to minimize hydrodynamic swirl momentum losses. In the preferred embodiment the face of the guide vanes is curved in an arc such that water striking the vanes 24 is redirected at a predetermined angle of attack, before striking the blades 30. The blades 30 have zero angle of attack with respect to the rotor disk 50, and have a symmetric cross-section.

The turbine generator unit 10 remains fixed in place, and as the tide and therefore water flow 100 reverses, the rotors begin to rotate in their respective directions. The arrangement of the counter-rotating rotor disks 50 and 52 and the guide vanes 24 provides high-efficiency power output with the flow 100 coming into the duct(s) 40 from either direction of the rotor-disk axis and minimized the number of moving mechanical parts, thereby reducing costly maintenance in the marine environment.

Referring now to FIG. 2, in a detail view with half of the turbine assembly removed, the rotor disk hub 26, blades 30, permanent magnet rotor rim 54, permanent magnets 56, stator coils 60, guide vanes 24 and duct 40 section are shown.

Rotor disk torque is created by the flow of water 100 into the duct 40, given an initial angle of attack by the guide vanes 24 which creates lift across the blades 30 thereby commencing rotation of the first rotor 50. The water flow 100 is swirling with a beneficial angle of attack as it departs the first rotor 50 and strikes the second rotor 52, thereby rotating the second rotor 52 (see FIG. 1) in the opposite direction to the first rotor 50. As the magnets 56 in the rotor disk rim 54 pass the fixed stators 60 in the duct 40, as is well known in the art according to Faraday's law, a voltage is induced equal to the number of turns in the stator coil multiplied by the rate of change in the flux. The electrical current may then be removed by electrical cable (not shown) by any means known to the art. The generator, comprising the rotor 50, magnets 56 and stators 60 can be wired to produce direct current or three phase alternating current as is well known in the art. The space between the magnets 56 and stators 60 is flooded with the ambient working fluid, thereby avoiding the costly and impractical use of air seals, which typically fail or require high maintenance in underwater applications due to the high hydrodynamic loads being exerted on the turbine generator unit.

FIG. 3 is an elevation view of a rotor disk 50 having straight blades 30 of constant chord dimension, or length from the root to the tip. The blades 30 are arranged with the quarter chord aligned with the hub 20 axis. All blades 30 are symmetric hydrofoils in cross section. The blades 30 may be from two to n in plurality.

FIG. 4 is an elevation view of a rotor disk 50 having curved blades 30 narrow at the hub and wide at the tips. Optionally, curved blades 30 wide at the hub 20 having narrow tips may be used (not shown). All blades 30 are symmetric hydrofoils in cross section. The direction of sweep of the blades 30 is aft or towards the center of the turbine generator unit hub 20, but a forward sweep is also an option. The blades 30 may be from two to n in plurality.

FIG. 5 is an elevation view of a turbine rotor disk 50, blade 30 and rotor rim 54 with straight blades 30 of constant chord dimension with the centerline aligned with the hub 20 axis. The blades 30 may be from two to n in plurality.

FIG. 6 is an elevation view of a rotor disk 50 having straight blades 30 narrow at the hub 20 and wide at the tips. Optionally, straight blades 30 wide at the hub 20 having narrow tips may be used (not shown). All blades 30 are symmetric hydrofoils in cross section. The blades 30 may be from two to n in plurality.

FIG. 7 is an elevation view of a rotor disk 50, blade 30 and rotor rim 54 (see FIG. 1) with perpendicular offset blades and a sea life bypass 32. The sea life bypass 32 is a longitudinal hole through the central axis of the hub 20 through which sea life such as fish and mammals can pass if they enter into the turbine generator unit 10. The bypass 32 is possible due to the rim generation style of the turbine generator unit 10, leaving the hub 20 as a small structural member used only as a rotor disk 50 bearing shaft and not housing the generator 90.

FIG. 8 is a section view of a turbine rotor disk arrangement with a curved surface for the rotor disk 50 instead of a flat plane. This arrangement may be used with blades 30 of constant thickness of variable thickness. This arrangement may be used with single or multiple rotor disks and with any arrangement of rotor blades 30 from the previous figures.

FIG. 9 is an isometric view of the preferred embodiment of the invention. The turbine generator unit 10 may be encapsulated by a generally elliptical screen 70 attached to the duct ends 40. The screens 70 may consist of a plurality of bars extending longitudinally from the duct 40 and converging at points in front of, above, aside or below the two hub 20 ends. The screen 70 acts to minimize ingress by marine creatures and as a shield against seaweed, debris and ocean life entering the turbine generator unit 10 which may otherwise clog or damage the turbine blades 30, and guide vanes 24. Due to the shape of the screen and the tide and water flow 100 changing direction, the screens 70 are self-cleaning. An augmenter skirt 74 comprised of articulating panels 36 which have hinges 27 (not shown) about the longitudinal midplane of the circumference of the turbine generator unit 10.

Referring again to FIG. 7, the screen 70, when employed in combination with a sea life bypass 32, ends at the outer rim of the bypass 32 mouth and extends to the leading edge of the duct 40, such that while debris is caught in the screen 70, sea life can pass through the turbine generator unit thereby lessening the environmental impact of the power generation.

Referring again to FIG. 9, the turbine assembly consisting of the rotor disk 50 (and 52 if applicable) (not shown here) and generator may be inserted and removed as a unit for ease of maintenance, leaving the duct 40 and deployment means in place. The rotor disk 50 and generator 90 (not shown here) may be a self contained core unit with a lug or hook on the top surface. A duct rim spacer 44 being a flexible central portion of the duct 40 is provided to enable removal of the turbine assembly. Upon removing the duct rim spacer 44 the turbine assembly 48 may be raised to the surface for servicing or replacement.

FIG. 10 shows a duct 40, with a flexible augmenter skirt 74, which is attached at the midpoint of the turbine generator 10. The skirt 74 comprised of a durable flexible material such a Spectra™ weave fiber is formed such that the dynamic pressure of the flow 100 will force the skirt 74 to the appropriate location with the flared end of the skirt 74 at the exit of the duct 40. The skirt 74 may have stiffening rings (not shown) embedded in it, but will certainly have a stiff skirt ring 75, at its largest and distal diameter, to hold the proper shape while subjected to the large dynamic pressures of the tidal flow 100. The skirt 74 can be comprised of durable composite material such as a ‘spectra weave’, or metallic articulated components. The skirt 74 has a larger circumference at the trailing edge such that it flares out from the duct 40. The skirt 74 creates a low-pressure area at the outlet of the turbine generator unit 10, which minimizes turbine efficiency losses due to the Betz effect. Fixed augmenters of this type cause the flow through the turbine to be increased, and are well characterized by those familiar in the art. Both flexible fabric and articulated metal skirts 74 are moved backwards and forwards by the dynamic force of the tidal current, when the tide changes direction, so that the skirts 74 always extend out backwards at or over the duct 40 outlet. This is a bi-directional, singly located, augmenter skirt 74 that is hinged, or affixed about the mid-portion of the turbine duct 40 circumference. The skirt may be installed about the entire circumference, or for just portions of the circumference, as desired by the specific installation, or the plurality of the units.

FIG. 11 shows a duct 40, with an articulated augmenter skirt 74, which is attached by hinges 37 at the midpoint of the turbine unit 10. The skirt 74 is comprised of durable and stiff panels 74 and is positioned by the dynamic pressure of the flow 100 that will force the skirt 74 to the appropriate location with the flared end of the skirt segments at the exit of the duct 40. The turbine generator units 10 are comprised of duct 40 structure and materials that provide buoyancy beneficial for deployment and maintenance operations.

The turbine generator unit is constructed of durable corrosion resistant materials. In the preferred embodiment marine grade concrete containing lightweight internally stiffened aggregate in sufficient proportion that the whole structure is positively buoyant is used for the duct 40 and a corrosion resistant high strength material is used for the rotors 50, and shaft 19 which comprise the turbine 10 and other principal components. Materials such as advanced composites, concrete and steel may be used. The turbine generator unit 10 is coated with a silicon glass product as is known in the art to reduce hydraulic losses and to minimize fouling by attachment of marine creatures.

The duct 40 is coated with a new silicon glass product and is preferably formed from lightweight buoyant concrete enabling the turbine generator unit 10 to be towed to the site for deployment, then moored such that the turbine generator unit 10 floats at a predetermined depth below the surface of the water 16. The turbine generator unit 10 is lowered into a river or sub-sea location as desired. In the preferred embodiment the turbine generator unit uses tidal forces to generate power.

FIG. 12 is a vector diagram of airflow across a prior art symmetrical foil where Wells in U.S. Pat. No. 4,221,538 diagrams the driving vector across the hydrofoil section of the blade 30 where V is the relative velocity of the flow opposite the direction of the blade 30, 11 and 12 are the resultant fluid vector incident velocities, U1 and U2 represent bi-directional water flow 100 and L1 and L2 represent the normal component of lift. The lift across the hydrofoil blade 30 accelerates the rotor 50 in an efficient and powerful manner.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram across two hydraulic counter-rotating blade 30 sections as components of a turbine generator unit with dual coaxial rotor disks 50. This prior art system is effective to reduce downstream losses in energy due to swirl and increase operating efficiencies over a greater velocity spectrum.

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram across a cascading pair of coaxial rotor 50 turbine generator units. The use of multiple cascades minimizes the pressure drops across multiple units for regimes of very high velocity. The number of cascading pairs of counter-rotating disks is two to n in plurality.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram across a single rotor disk 50 with hydrofoil blade 30 section and through alternating position inlet and outlet guide vanes 24. The vanes 24 are flexible and controlled by a linkage with the articulated skirt. The dynamic pressure of the flow 100 causes the skirt to adjust, thereby moving the guide vanes to the appropriate position. The upstream guide vanes will provide a positive angle of attack and the downstream guide vanes will reduce momentum swirl losses. When the water flow 100 is reversed the rotor 50 turns in the same direction, but the vanes 24 reverse or flip by hinging occupy the position shown in the dotted lines 25. In this variation, the vane 24 leading edges 28 are rigidly fixed to the hub 20 structure and the interior surface of the duct 40.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram across two hydraulic counter-rotating blade 30 sections and through inlet and outlet guide vanes 24 as components of a dual inline rotor 50 turbine generator unit. In the preferred embodiment, the guide vanes 24 are permanently fixed in the configuration shown.

FIG. 17 is an isometric view of a hydraulic turbine generator unit 10 mounted on a telescopic pylori 80. In the preferred embodiment the turbine generator unit 10 is mounted on a pylori 80 which may be telescopic to enable remote height adjustments of the turbine generator unit 10, including raising the turbine generator unit 10 above the surface of the water 16 for maintenance purposes.

FIG. 18 is an elevation view of a turbine generator unit mounted on a plurality of telescoping pylons 80 underwater in a river or tidal stream. Installation, removal and servicing are facilitated by raising or lowering the telescoping pylons 80 to access the turbine generator unit. Dual coaxial rotor disks 50 and 52 may be used, as well as additional turbine generator units 10 on the same pylon 80 set. Any known cable system to remove power and to control the turbines turbine generator unit 10 may be used.

FIG. 19 is a side elevation view of a turbine generator unit 10 tethered via external lugs and cables 13 to a set of two or more anchors 14 on the ocean or riverbed 15. The anchors may be of any type including galvanized steel ship anchors or concrete blocks. The cables 13 are attached to each end of the turbine generator unit 10, which is thereby held in place. As the rotors 50 and 52 are bi-directional, the turbine generator unit may remain fixed in place.

FIG. 20 is a sectional view of FIG. 19 along I-I of a single rotor 50 turbine generator.

FIG. 21 is section view of FIG. 19 along II-II of a single turbine generator unit.

The turbine generator unit 10 may be deployed individually or in groups of two or more turbine generator units 10.

FIG. 22 is a sectional view of FIG. 19 along I-I, being a dual side-by-side turbine generator unit 10 variation of the invention.

FIG. 23 is an end view of FIG. 19 of the dual side-by-side turbine generator unit 10 variation. The ducts 40 of the two turbine generator units 10 may be welded, bolted or attached together by any other means suitable to resist hydrodynamic forces.

There are at least five possible methods of deployment anticipated for the turbine generator unit 10. These would be:

-   -   mounted on one or more telescopic pylons 80 as shown in FIGS. 17         and 18     -   floating beneath and attached to a barge 120     -   alongside a collapsible rubber dam 130 at the side of a river     -   floating tethered beneath the surface as shown in FIG. 19, and     -   in a tidal fence across an ocean inlet or passage as shown in         FIGS. 26-30

FIG. 24 is a side elevation view of a turbine generator unit 10 mounted under a barge 120 according to the invention.

FIG. 25 is a plan view of a turbine generator unit 10 mounted in a small dam 130 according to the invention.

FIG. 26 is an elevation view of a complete tidal fence 140 showing several rows of turbine generator units 10 according to the invention

FIG. 27 is a close-up elevation view of a portion of a tidal fence 140 showing nine stacked turbine generator units 10 according to the invention.

FIG. 28 is an elevation view of a single turbine generator unit 10 in a tidal fence 140 according to the invention.

FIG. 29 is a section view showing three stacked turbine generator units 10 in the structure of a tidal fence 140. The tidal fence 140 according to the invention has a T-Beam structure 141, electrical and monitoring galley and associated road bed 142, the column deck structure comprised of T-Beams 143, access cover 144, and rail lines 145 & 146, assisted by vertical support columns 147. It is additionally comprised of wave diverter 148 and removable anti-cavitation platform 149, gravity foundation structure 150, and associated support web 151, and pylons 152 & 153. This structure supports a multiplicity of turbine generator units 10.

FIG. 30 is a section view of the maintenance capability for removing turbine generator units 10 in cassette form utilizing a gantry that is positioned on rails on the top of the tidal fence 140 structure.

The preferred embodiments herein described are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of the invention to the precise forms disclosed. They are chosen and described to best explain the principles of the invention and its application and practical use to allow others skilled in the art to comprehend its teachings.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims. 

1. A hydro turbine generator apparatus for generating electrical power from water flow, said apparatus comprising at least one magnetic generator and characterized by: (a) at least one rotor disk comprising a plurality of blades rotatable about a central axis; (b) a generally cylindrical housing defining a duct, said duct being proximate to the tips of said blades; and (c) wherein said at least one magnetic generator is unsealed.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of: said tips of said blades and roots of said blades located distally from said tips, are attached to a rotor rim.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said blades are symmetric in cross section.
 4. The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said rotor rim is attached to said roots of said blades, and is substantially annular and defines a hole located substantially in the center of said rotor disk.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said rotor rim defines a hub, and wherein said unsealed magnetic generator is disposed in at least one of said rotor rim, said duct, and said hub.
 6. The apparatus according to claim 5 further comprising a bypass hole defined by said hub such that a portion of said water flow passes longitudinally through said hub.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said unsealed magnetic generator is flooded with ambient fluid.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said rotor rim is attached to said roots of said blades, and defines a hub, and wherein said unsealed magnetic generator comprises: one or more magnets disposed in at least one of: said roots of said blades and said rotor rim; and one or more stator coils disposed in said hub.
 9. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said unsealed magnetic rim generator is at least one of: a dual or single axial flux generator, and a dual or single radial flux generator.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said hydro turbine generator is bi-directional and can accept said water flow from either of two open ends of said housing for the generation of electrical power.
 11. The apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising an augmentor disposed on or about an outer surface of, or integrated with said duct.
 12. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said duct has a converging inner surface such that a venturi effect is created.
 13. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein one or more of: at least one said rotor disk and at least one said unsealed magnetic generator, are adapted to be removed as a modular unit or cassette.
 14. The apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a first rotor disk and a second rotor disk, said first rotor disk being upstream and rotating in a first direction to the water flow and said second rotor disk being downstream and counter-rotating in relation to said first rotor disk in a second direction to the water flow.
 15. The apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising one or more magnetic bearings situated between said rotor disk and at least one of said duct, housing and hub.
 16. A hydro turbine generator apparatus for generating electrical power from water flow, said apparatus comprising at least one magnetic generator and characterized by: (a) at least one rotor disk comprising a rotor rim and a plurality of blades attached to said rotor rim; (b) a generally cylindrical housing defining a duct, said duct being proximate to the tips of said blades; and (c) wherein said at least one magnetic generator is a flooded magnetic generator.
 17. The apparatus according to claim 16 wherein said rotor rim defines a hub, and wherein said flooded magnetic generator is disposed in at least one of said rotor rim, said duct, and said hub.
 18. The apparatus according to claim 16 wherein said rotor rim defines a hub, and wherein said flooded magnetic rim generator comprises one or more stator coils disposed in said hub, and one or more magnets disposed at one or more of: the roots of said blades located distal to said tips of said blades, and said rotor rim.
 19. A method of installing a hydro turbine generator apparatus comprising a generally cylindrical housing, at least one rotor disk and an unsealed magnetic generator, the method comprising: installing a foundation structure on the bottom of a body of water, wherein said foundation structure comprises mounting means; attaching the housing of said hydro turbine generator apparatus to said foundation structure using said mounting means.
 20. The method according to claim 20 additionally comprising installing one or more of: said at least one rotor disk, and said unsealed magnetic generator, into said housing of said hydro turbine generator apparatus as a modular unit or cassette. 